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¤Þ¤º¡¢¥é¥¤¥È¤Î¸¦µæÊýË¡¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ëʬÎàË¡¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢ÃæÅè»á¤¬ÄɲÃÀâÌÀ¤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ë¡¢the analytic-rational method¤È¤Ï¡¢¡Ö¹ñºÝË¡¤ä¹ñºÝÎÑÍý¤Îů³Ø¤äÆÃ¼Á¤Î¸¦µæ¤ËÍѤ¤¤é¤ì¤ë¡×(p.58)ÊýË¡ÏÀ¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢Ê¬ÀÏů³Ø¤È¤â¹çÍýŪÁªÂòÍýÏÀ¤È¤â´Ø·¸¤¢¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£¥é¥¤¥È¤ÎʬÎà¤ÏÈó¾ï¤Ë¤ï¤«¤ê¤Ë¤¯¤¤¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¤ï¤¿¤·¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢ÇùÁ³¤È¡¢¡Öµ½ÒŪ¡×(descriptive)¡¢¡ÖÀâÌÀŪ¡×(explanatory)¡¢¡ÖÀ¯ºöÏÀŪ¡×(policy-relevant)¡¢¡Öµ¬ÈÏŪ¡×(normative)¤Î¶èÊ̤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¤µ¤é¤Ë¡Öͽ¬Ū¡×(predictive)¥¢¥×¥í¡¼¥Á¤òÄɲ乤ë¿Í¤â¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
¡Ö»×ÁÛŪΩ¾ì¡×¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎʬÎà¤Ï¤ªÁÆËö¤¹¤®¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Ê¤¼¡Ö¸½¼Â¼çµÁ¡×°Ê³°¤Î»×ÁÛŪΩ¾ì¤Ï̵»ë¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤«¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢¡ÖÍýÁÛ¼çµÁŪ¸½¼Â¼çµÁ¡×¤Ã¤Æ¸ìµÁÌ·½â¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¡£¡Ö¸½¼Â¼çµÁ¡×¤È¡ÖÀ¯¼£Åª¸½¼Â¼çµÁ¡×¤Î¶èÊ̤â¤ï¤«¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£»ä¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢Êص¹¾å¡¢¡Ö¥ê¥¢¥ê¥º¥à¡×¡¢¡Ö¥ê¥Ù¥é¥ê¥º¥à¡×¡¢¡ÖÈãȽÍýÏÀ¡×¤Î»°¤Ä¤Î¶èÊ̤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ö¥ê¥¢¥ê¥º¥à¡×¤Ç¤Ï¡Ö¸ÅŵŪ¥ê¥¢¥ê¥º¥à¡×¤È¡Ö¥Í¥ª¡¦¥ê¥¢¥ê¥º¥à¡×¤Î¶èÊ̤¬ÌÀ³Î¤Ë¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¥ê¥Ù¥é¥ê¥º¥à¤ÎʬÎà¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÏRobert O. Keohane¤ÏRepublican Liberalism, Commercial Liberalism, Regulatory Liberalism, Sophisticated Liberalism¤Î»Í¤Ä¡¢Zacher¤ÈMatthew¤ÏRepublican Liberalism, Commercial Liberalism, Military Liberalism, Cognitive Liberalism, Sociological Liberalism, Institutional Liberalism¤Î¶èÊÌ¡¢Moravcsik¤ÏIdeational Liberalism, Commercial Liberalism, Republican Liberalism¡¢Doyle¤ÏInstitutional Liberalism, Commercial Liberalism, Republican Liberalism¤Î»°¤Ä¤Î¶èÊ̤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¹¡£¤¿¤À¤·¡¢¥ê¥Ù¥é¥ê¥º¥à¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤Ï»×ÁÛŪ¡¦ÊýË¡ÏÀŪΩ¾ì¤¬¤«¤Ê¤êÛ£Ëæ¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¢¤µ¤é¤ËºÙ¤«¤¤¶èÊ̤ò¤¹¤ëɬÍפϤ¢¤Þ¤ê¤Ê¤¤¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¡ÖÈãȽÍýÏÀ¡×¤Ï»ä¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢Ê¸¸¥À°Íý¤ò¤¹¤ëºÝ¡¢Constructivism, Constructivism(Linguistic), Feminism, Marxism, Gramscian Hegemonic Approach, Frankfurt School, Post-modernism, Post-structuralism, World Order Models¤Î¶èÊ̤òÊØµ¹¾å¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
Robert O. Keohane (1990) “International Liberalism Reconsidered,” in John Dunn, ed., The Economic Limits to Modern Politics (Cambridge University Press), pp. 165-194.
Mark W. Zacher and Richard A. Matthew (1995) “Liberal International Theory: Common Threads, Divergent Strands.” In Charles W. Kegley, ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp. 107-150
Andrew Moravcsik (1997) “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” International Organization 51: 513-553.
Michael W. Doyle (1997) Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism.
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¡¡Ö¤³¤ÎÅÀ¤Ç»ä¤¿¤Á¤Ï¡¢E¡¦H¡¦¥«¡¼¤¬ÍýÏÀ(theory)¤È¼ÂºÝ(reality)¤ÎÂÐΩ¤Ë¿¨¤ì¤ëÁ°Äó¤È¤·¤Æ¡¢Ž¢¥æ¡¼¥È¥Ô¥¢¤ÎºÇÂç¤Î·çÅÀ¤Ï¡¢Ã±½ã¤Ê¤³¤È¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¥ê¥¢¥ê¥¹¥È¤Î¤½¤ì¤ÏÉÔÇ¥À(sterility)¤Ç¤¢¤ëŽ£¤È½Ò¤Ù¤¿¿¿°Õ¤ò»×¤¤µ¯¤¹¤Ù¤¤Ç¤¢¤í¤¦¡×¤È¤¤¤¦È¯¸À¤ò¤½¤Î¤Þ¤Þ¼õ¤±¼è¤Ã¤¿¤é¡¢ÍýÏÀ²È = ÍýÏÀ(theory) = ñ½ã¡¢Ãϰ踦µæ¼Ô = ¼ÂºÝ(reality) = ÉÔÇ¥À(sterility)¤È¤¤¤¦¤³¤È¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¤½¤¦¤Ç¤¹¤¬¡¢ÃæÅè»á¤ÏÍýÏÀ¸¦µæ¤Ï¡Öñ½ã¡×¤«¤Ä¡ÖÉÔÇ¥¡×¤Ç¤¢¤ë¤È¸À¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤ëÍͤ˸«¤¨¤Þ¤¹¡£¥«¡¼¤Î¿¿°Õ¤ò̵»ë¤·¤¿È¯¸À¤Ç¤¹¡£
¢¥«¡¼¤Î¡Ø´íµ¡¤ÎÆó¡»Ç¯¡Ù¤¬È¯É½¤µ¤ì¤¿Åö»þ¡¢ÃæÅè»á¤¬ÈãȽŪ¤Ê¿ôÎÌÀ¯¼£³Ø¤â¥·¥¹¥Æ¥àÏÀ¤â¡ÖÁê¸ß°Í¸¡×ÍýÏÀ¤â¹ñºÝÀ¯¼£³Ø¤ËÅо줷¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤»¤ó¤Ç¤·¤¿¡£¥«¡¼¤¬ “Theory and Practice”¤ÎÀá¤ÇÍýÁÛ¼çµÁ¼Ô¤òÈãȽ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤Ï¡¢Èà¤é¤¬Ãϰ踦µæ¼Ô¤ò¸«²¼¤·¡¢¼Â¾ÚʬÀϤò̵»ë¤·¡¢ÍýÏÀ¸¦µæ¤ËÀìǰ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤é¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¯¡¢ÍýÁۤ˴ð¤Å¤¤¤Æ¸½¼Â¤¬´Êñ¤ËÊѤï¤ë¤È¿®¤¸¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤«¤é¤Ç¤¹¡£
“The antithesis of utopia and reality also coincides with the antithesis of theory and practice. The utopian makes political theory a norm to which political practice ought to conform. The realist regards political theory as a sort of codification of political practice” (Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1964, p. 12).
£Ãϰ踦µæ¼Ô¤âÍýÏÀ²È¤â¼Â¾Ú¼çµÁŪ¤Ê¤È¤³¤í¤Ï°ì¤Ä·ê¤Î¤à¤¸¤Ê¤Ç¤¢¤ê¡¢¥á¥¿ÍýÏÀŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢¤Ä¤Þ¤ê¸ºßÏÀ¤«¤Äǧ¼±ÏÀŪ¤Ë¤Ï¡¢Ê̤ËÂÐΩ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤ï¤±¤Ç¤Ï¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤¬¤ï¤«¤Ã¤Æ¤¤¤Ê¤¤¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¹¡£¥«¡¼¤ÎÍýÏÀ¤È¼ÂÁ©¤ÎÂÐΩ¼´¤Ï¡¢ÈãȽÍýÏÀÂм¾ڼçµÁ¤È¤·¤Æ¤ß¤Ê¤¤¤È¤¤¤±¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£ÃæÅè»á¤ÏÍýÏÀ²È¤¬¤¢¤Þ¤ê¼Â¾ÚʬÀϤ·¤Ê¤¤ÅÀ¤òÈãȽ¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¼Â¾Ú¼çµÁΩ¾ì¤ò¤È¤ëÍýÏÀ²È¤¿¤Á¤Î¤Û¤Ü¤¹¤Ù¤Æ¤¬ÍýÏÀ¤ÎÂÅÅöÀ¤òÄ´¤Ù¤ë¤¿¤á¤Î¼Â¾Ú¥Æ¥¹¥È¤ÎɬÍ×À¤òÈÝÄꤷ¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£ÍýÏÀ²È¤¬¼Â¾ÚʬÀϤ˼êÇö¤Ë¤Ê¤ê¡¢Åý·×²È¤¬¥±¡¼¥¹¡¦¥¹¥¿¥Ç¥£¤Þ¤Ç¤ä¤ë²Ë¤¬¤Ê¤¯¡¢Ãϰ踦µæ¼Ô¤¬large N-Study¤Î»ÅÊý¤¬¤ï¤«¤é¤Ê¤¤¡¢¤È¤¤¤¦¤Î¤Ï¤É¤Ã¤Á¤â¤É¤Ã¤Á¤È¤¤¤¦¤À¤±¤ÎÏäǤ¢¤ê¡¢Æ±¤¸¼Â¾Ú¼çµÁ¼Ô¤È¤·¤ÆÁê¼ê¦¤òÈóÆñ¤¹¤ë¤è¤ê¡¢³Æ¼«¤Î¶¯¤ß¤òÀ¸¤«¤·¤Æ¡¢¶¦Æ±¸¦µæ¤ò¤¹¤ì¤Ð¤¤¤¤¤À¤±¤Î¤³¤È¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¡£
“The impact of thinking upon wishing which, in the development of a science, follows the breakdown of its first visionary projects, and marks the end of its specifically utopian period, is commonly called realism. Representing a reaction against the wish-dreams of the initial stage, realism is liable to assume a critical and somewhat cynical aspect. In the field of thought, it places it emphasis on the acceptance of facts and on the analysis of their causes and consequences. It tends to depreciate the role of purpose and to maintain, explicitly or implicitly, that the function of thinking is to study a sequence of events which it is powerless to influence or to alter. In the field of action, realism tends to emphasise the irresistible strength of existing forces and the inevitable character of existing tendencies, and to insist that the highest wisdom lies in accepting and adapting oneself to, these forces and these tendencies. Such an attitude, though advocated in the name of ‘objective’ thought, may no doubt be carried to a point where it results in the sterilisation of thought and the negation of action. But there is a stage where realism is the necessary corrective to the exuberance of utopianism, just as in other periods utopianism must be invoked to counteract the barrenness of realism. Immature thought is predominantly purposive and utopian. Thought which rejects purpose altogether is the thought of old age. Mature thought combines purpose with observation and analysis. Utopia and reality are thus the two facets of political science. Sound political thought and sound political life will be found only where both have their place.” (Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1946, p. 10)
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¡Ö»×ÁÛŪΩ¾ì¡×¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÎʬÎà¤Ï¤ªÁÆËö¤¹¤®¤Þ¤¹¡£¤Ê¤¼¡Ö¸½¼Â¼çµÁ¡×°Ê³°¤Î»×ÁÛŪΩ¾ì¤Ï̵»ë¤µ¤ì¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤Î¤«¡£¤Þ¤¿¡¢¡ÖÍýÁÛ¼çµÁŪ¸½¼Â¼çµÁ¡×¤Ã¤Æ¸ìµÁÌ·½â¤Ç¤·¤ç¤¦¡£¡Ö¸½¼Â¼çµÁ¡×¤È¡ÖÀ¯¼£Åª¸½¼Â¼çµÁ¡×¤Î¶èÊ̤â¤ï¤«¤ê¤Þ¤»¤ó¡£»ä¤Î¾ì¹ç¡¢Êص¹¾å¡¢¡Ö¥ê¥¢¥ê¥º¥à¡×¡¢¡Ö¥ê¥Ù¥é¥ê¥º¥à¡×¡¢¡ÖÈãȽÍýÏÀ¡×¤Î»°¤Ä¤Î¶èÊ̤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¡Ö¥ê¥¢¥ê¥º¥à¡×¤Ç¤Ï¡Ö¸ÅŵŪ¥ê¥¢¥ê¥º¥à¡×¤È¡Ö¥Í¥ª¡¦¥ê¥¢¥ê¥º¥à¡×¤Î¶èÊ̤¬ÌÀ³Î¤Ë¤Ê¤µ¤ì¤Þ¤¹¤¬¡¢¥ê¥Ù¥é¥ê¥º¥à¤ÎʬÎà¤Ë¤Ä¤¤¤Æ¤ÏRobert O. Keohane¤ÏRepublican Liberalism, Commercial Liberalism, Regulatory Liberalism, Sophisticated Liberalism¤Î»Í¤Ä¡¢Zacher¤ÈMatthew¤ÏRepublican Liberalism, Commercial Liberalism, Military Liberalism, Cognitive Liberalism, Sociological Liberalism, Institutional Liberalism¤Î¶èÊÌ¡¢Moravcsik¤ÏIdeational Liberalism, Commercial Liberalism, Republican Liberalism¡¢Doyle¤ÏInstitutional Liberalism, Commercial Liberalism, Republican Liberalism¤Î»°¤Ä¤Î¶èÊ̤ò¤·¤Æ¤¤¤ë¤è¤¦¤Ç¤¹¡£¤¿¤À¤·¡¢¥ê¥Ù¥é¥ê¥º¥à¤Ë´Ø¤·¤Æ¤Ï»×ÁÛŪ¡¦ÊýË¡ÏÀŪΩ¾ì¤¬¤«¤Ê¤êÛ£Ëæ¤Ê¤Î¤Ç¡¢¤µ¤é¤ËºÙ¤«¤¤¶èÊ̤ò¤¹¤ëɬÍפϤ¢¤Þ¤ê¤Ê¤¤¤È»×¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£¡ÖÈãȽÍýÏÀ¡×¤Ï»ä¤Î¾ì¹ç¤Ï¡¢Ê¸¸¥À°Íý¤ò¤¹¤ëºÝ¡¢Constructivism, Constructivism(Linguistic), Feminism, Marxism, Gramscian Hegemonic Approach, Frankfurt School, Post-modernism, Post-structuralism, World Order Models¤Î¶èÊ̤òÊØµ¹¾å¤·¤Æ¤¤¤Þ¤¹¡£
Robert O. Keohane (1990) “International Liberalism Reconsidered,” in John Dunn, ed., The Economic Limits to Modern Politics (Cambridge University Press), pp. 165-194.
Mark W. Zacher and Richard A. Matthew (1995) “Liberal International Theory: Common Threads, Divergent Strands.” In Charles W. Kegley, ed., Controversies in International Relations Theory. New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp. 107-150
Andrew Moravcsik (1997) “Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics,” International Organization 51: 513-553.
Michael W. Doyle (1997) Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism, and Socialism.
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“The antithesis of utopia and reality also coincides with the antithesis of theory and practice. The utopian makes political theory a norm to which political practice ought to conform. The realist regards political theory as a sort of codification of political practice” (Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1964, p. 12).
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“The impact of thinking upon wishing which, in the development of a science, follows the breakdown of its first visionary projects, and marks the end of its specifically utopian period, is commonly called realism. Representing a reaction against the wish-dreams of the initial stage, realism is liable to assume a critical and somewhat cynical aspect. In the field of thought, it places it emphasis on the acceptance of facts and on the analysis of their causes and consequences. It tends to depreciate the role of purpose and to maintain, explicitly or implicitly, that the function of thinking is to study a sequence of events which it is powerless to influence or to alter. In the field of action, realism tends to emphasise the irresistible strength of existing forces and the inevitable character of existing tendencies, and to insist that the highest wisdom lies in accepting and adapting oneself to, these forces and these tendencies. Such an attitude, though advocated in the name of ‘objective’ thought, may no doubt be carried to a point where it results in the sterilisation of thought and the negation of action. But there is a stage where realism is the necessary corrective to the exuberance of utopianism, just as in other periods utopianism must be invoked to counteract the barrenness of realism. Immature thought is predominantly purposive and utopian. Thought which rejects purpose altogether is the thought of old age. Mature thought combines purpose with observation and analysis. Utopia and reality are thus the two facets of political science. Sound political thought and sound political life will be found only where both have their place.” (Carr, The Twenty Years’ Crisis, 1946, p. 10)
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